The environment of India by Liberty Academy PDF Download 2022
The environment of India comprises some of the world's most biodiverse ecozones. The Deccan Traps, Gangetic Plains, and the Himalayas are the major geographical features. The country faces different forms of pollution as its major environmental issue and is more vulnerable to the effects of climate change being a developing nation.
India has laws protecting the environment and is one of the countries that signed the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) treaty. The Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change and each particular state forest departments plan and implement environmental policies throughout the country.
Biota
India has some of the world's most biodiverse ecozones—desert, high mountains, highlands, tropical and temperate forests, swamplands, plains, grasslands, areas surrounding rivers, and an island archipelago. It hosts three biodiverse hotspots: the Western Ghats, the Himalayas, and the Indo-Burma region. These hotspots have numerous endemic species.
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In 1992, around 7,43,534 km2 of land in the country was under forests and 92 percent of that belonged to the government. Only 22.7 percent was forested compared to the recommended 33 percent by the National Forest Policy Resolution (1952). The majority of it is broad-leaved deciduous trees that comprise one-sixth sal and one-tenth teak. Coniferous types are found in the northern high altitude regions and comprise pines, junipers, and deodars.
There are 350 species of mammals, 375 reptiles, 130 amphibians, 20,000 insects, 19000 fish, and 1200 species of birds in India. The Asiatic lion, Bengal tiger, and leopard are the main predators; the country has the most species of cats than any other. Elephants, the Indian Rhinoceros, and eight species of deer are also found.
There are over 17000 species of flowering plants in India, which account for six percent of the total plant species in the world. India comprises seven percent of the world's flora. A wide range of climatic conditions in India gave rise to a rich variety of flora. India covers more than 45,000 species of flora, out of which several are endemic to the region. India is divided into eight main floristic regions: North-Western Himalayas, Eastern Himalayas, Assam, Indus plain, Ganga plain, the Deccan, the Malabar, and the Andamans.
